Discovering Design with Chemistry--Chapter 16

5 Categories 25 Questions

What was the "big reveal" about chemical reactions in this chapter? What type of arrow is used to signify that a chemical reaction is an equilibrium reaction?

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Category 1

What was the "big reveal" about chemical reactions in this chapter?

They can go both forward & backward!

What type of arrow is used to signify that a chemical reaction is an equilibrium reaction?

A double arrow (forward & reverse)

When a reaction gets to equilibrium, what will be the same for both the forward and reverse reactions?

The rate

Once enough products are formed that they can begin having effective collisions with one another, what begins to happen in an equilibrium reaction?

They react with one another to re-form reactants

Which type of reaction rate (that of the forward or the reverse reaction) is INCREASING from the beginning of the reaction until equilibrium is reached?

The reverse reaction rate

Category 2

When writing the equation for the equilibrium constant (K), what chemicals go in the numerator and which ones go in the denominator?

Products go in the numerator, reactants go in the denominator

When writing the equation for the equilibrium constant (K), what numbers should you use as the exponent for the equilibrium concentration of a given reactant or product?

Use its coefficient (the number that appears before the chemical formula in the balanced equation) as the exponent

Chemicals in what two phases should be ignored when writing the equation for the reaction's equilibrium constant (K)?

Solids and liquids (because their concentrations cannot change)

For a given chemical reaction, what physical factor of the environment in which the reaction takes place will change the value of the equilibrium constant (K)?

Temperature

When analyzing the rates of the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical equilibrium, how do you determine how long it took to reach equilibrium?

Look for the time when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions first become equal

Category 3

If an equilibrium reaction has an equilibrium constant that is less than 1, what is true about the relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium?

There are more reactants than products present at equilibrium

If an equilibrium reaction has many more products than reactants present at equilibrium, what must be true about the value of the reaction's equilibrium constant (K)?

K must be greater than (>) 1

If a chemical equation has an equilibrium constant of 3.7 X 10^-15, what is the only direction in which the reaction will occur (for all practical purposes)?

Only the REVERSE REACTION will occur

For what range of values for the equilibrium constant (K) is a chemical reaction considered an equilibrium reaction?

1 X 10^-6 < K < 1 X 10^6

A chemist measures the current concentrations of each reactant and product in a reaction and puts these numbers into the equation for the equilibrium constant (K). If the calculated value is smaller than the known K value at that temperature, in which direction must the reaction shift to reach equilibrium?

It must shift toward the PRODUCTS. (To make K larger, you need a bigger numerator, and the products are in the numerator of the equilibrium constant)

Category 4

What are the three physical factors that can be altered to "disturb" a reaction's equilibrium and cause it to shift to relieve stress and reestablish equilibrium?

Concentration, temperature, and pressure

Changing the pressure in which a reaction is occuring will only shift the equilibrium if some of the reactants and/or products are in what state?

The gaseous state (pressure only affects gases)

What happens to an equilibrium reaction when you decrease the concentration of one of the aqueous reactants?

It shifts towards the reactants

What must you do to the temperature in which an endothermic reaction is taking place in order to shift the equilibrium toward the products?

Raise (increase) the temperature

When one molecule of carbon monoxide gas mixes with 3 molecules of hydrogen gas, an equilibrium reaction which produces one molecule of methane gas and one molecule of water vapor occurs. If a chemist raises the pressure at which the reaction takes place, more of which 2 chemicals will be produced?

Methane gas and water vapor (only 2 molecules of these products compared to the 4 molecules of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas & higher pressure favors fewer molecules)

Category 5

If a chemical's pH value is below 7, what type of chemical is it?

An acid

What kinds of acids and bases are represented by very low or very high pH values?

Strong acids and bases

The pH of a solution is determined by what 2 properties of the acid or base in the solution?

Concentration and Ionization Constant

The base ionization constant for the chemical pyridine is very low and creates a solution with a pH of 9 when the concentration is 0.1 M. What kind of base is pyridine?

A weak base (low base ionization constants and a pH value close to 7 are associated with a weak base)

Hydrochloric acid has a very high acid ionization constant, leading to a very high concentration of hydronium ions when it is put in water. Would you expect hydrochloric acid's pH to be closer to 1 or closer to 7?

Closer to 1 (high acid ionization constants and concentrations of hydronium ions are associated with strong acids which have very low pH values)

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